An Investigation of ICT Strategies Implemented by School Leaders to Enhance Early Childhood Class Management: A Case Study of Harare Primary Schools

Abstract

Digital technologies are increasingly reshaping global education systems; consequently, integrating Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) into Early Childhood Education (ECE) has become a critical priority for educational stakeholders. This qualitative study sought to understand how school leadership’s ICT-oriented strategies enhanced the management of Early Childhood Development (ECD) classes across Harare Northern Central District. Using purposive sampling, in-depth interviews were conducted with 10 school heads and administrators from public, trust and private institutions. Anchored in Social Cognitive Theory, the study employed thematic analysis to identify recurring patterns and meanings within the data. Findings reveal that while school leaders actively pursued ICT integration, their approaches varied significantly based on resource availability, policy clarity and access to training. Key strategies identified include ICT infrastructure development, curriculum alignment with digital tools, enhanced leadership training and the establishment of monitoring mechanisms. However, implementation was mainly hindered by infrastructural development gaps, low digital competence among staff and inadequate support systems in relation to technology usage. In response to these challenges, school leaders proposed context-driven solutions such as tailored professional development, strengthened school-community partnerships and enhanced government support. Based on these insights, the study recommends the formulation of localised ICT integration frameworks, investment in digital infrastructure at the ECD level and the promotion of inclusive ICT capacity-building initiatives for educators and school leaders. Further research should explore the impact of specific ICT tools on ECD learning outcomes and conduct longitudinal studies to assess the long-term effects of leadership strategies on digital integration in early education settings. This study contributes to and extends policy debates on equitable digital transformation in Zimbabwe’s early education.